ALC 29

Lesson 1

Review of Causatives

1.      Make / Made

㹡óշ������÷����úҧ���ҧ������բ����� �����ٻ����¤�ѧ���

     �make someone do something�

     �make + ����з� + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 1 (infinitive)�

Examples:

1.       The customs officers made Mary open her suitcase.

2.       The film was very sad. It made me cry.

2.      Have / Had

㹡óշ��������繼���з� (�ҧ�����Ҩ���Ѻ��ҵͺ᷹) �����ٻ����¤�ѧ���

     �Have someone do something�

     �have + ����з� + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 1 (infinitive)�

Examples:

1.       Tim had a tailor make him a suit.

2.       I have Dang paint my house every two years.

3.      Get / Got

��óշ��͡�������á�з� ����� get / got ᷹ have / had �е�ͧ�� to ��˹�ҡ���Ҫ�ͧ��� 1 (����� have ����ͧ�� to)

Examples:

1.       Tim got a tailor to make him a suit.

2.       I get Dang to paint my house every two years.

 

4.      Passive causatives

����� have ��� get �Ҩ������դ���������� �Ѵ����ա�á�з� �Ѵ����Դ��� ���ٻ����¤�ѧ���

�have / get + ��觷��١��з� + ����Ҫ�ͧ��� 3 (��觡�зӵ����觹��)�

��������¤�ѡɳй�� ��ҷ�Һ��� ����ö١��зӔ �� �����Һ������繼���зӔ

Examples:

1.       He had the roof repaired yesterday.

2.       You ought to get your watch repaired.

3.       How often do you have your car serviced?

4.       I must get my hair cut.

Exercise:

Change each sentence from active to passive using �have� or �get�

1.       I have Dave wash my car every week.

��������������������������...

2.       I got Ann to take my photograph yesterday.

���������������������������

3.       I got the tailor to fix my suit.

��������������������

4.       Thomas gets his friend to cut his hair.

���������������������������..

5.       Tim has Dang polish his shoes every morning.

�����������������������������

 

Answer Key

Change each sentence from active to passive using �have� or �get�

6.       I have Dave wash my car every week.

I have my car washed every week.

7.       I got Ann to take my photograph yesterday.

I got my photograph taken yesterday.

8.       I got the tailor to fix my suit.

I got my suit fixed.

9.       Thomas gets his friend to cut his hair.

Thomas gets his hair cut.

10.   Tim has Dang polish his shoes every morning.

Tim has his shoes polished every morning.

 

Time expressions

Adverb of time (�͡����) ��� �ӷ������¤ӡ�������ͺ͡��ҡ�á�зӹ���Դ���������� (When) �Դ�ҹ���˹ (How long) �����Դ�������˹ (How often) ����ö��ṡ����ѡɳС������ 3 ������ ���

1.       ���¤ӡ�������ͺ͡���ҡ�зӷ����͹ (When) ����

Now              yesterday                 in the morning

then             tomorrow                on Saturday

again             last week                 at night

just               Monday evening        three weeks ago

recently         next year                 the day after tomorrow

Examples:

1.       I will do the work tomorrow.

2.       She went to Korea last week.

2.       ���¤ӡ�������ͺ͡��ǧ�����������Ф�����Ǣͧ���� (How long) ���բ�;֧�ѧࡵ����ٻ����¤���͡�������ҡ�зӵ����ʹյ�֧�Ѩ�غѹ��������ٻ Present perfect tense

Examples:

1.       He has been here for three days.

2.       He has been here since last month.

3.       ���¤ӡ�������ͺ͡������зӡ�ù�鹺������˹ (How often) ����

Definite frequency                    Indefinite frequency

daily                                                    always

weekly                                                 sometimes

every day                                             frequently

every weekend                                      often

once a year                                           usually

twice a year                                          never

Examples:

1.       The buses ran every hour.

2.       We usually have breakfast at seven.

Exercise:

Read the sentences with time expressions then ask a question with �When� �How long� or �How often�

1.                                                       ?

He has been ill since the end of April.

2.                                                       ?

The teacher never gives tests.

3.                                                        ?

I have been studying French for 2 weeks.

4.                                                        ?

They arrived in Arizona last week.

5.                                                        ?

I visit my parents twice a month.

 

Answer Key

Read the sentences with time expressions then ask a question with �When� �How long� or �How often�

1.      How long has he been ill?

He has been ill since the end of April.

2.      How often does the teacher give tests?

The teacher never gives tests.

3.      How long have you been studying French?

I have been studying French for 2 weeks.

4.      When did they arrive in Arizona?

They arrived in Arizona last week.

5.      How often do you visit your parents?

I visit my parents twice a month.

 

Verb suffixes

�Ѩ��� (suffix) ���������¤����ͷ����ӹ��� �繤ӡ���� ����

�Ѩ��� (suffix) �en���ͷ��¤ӹ����ФӤس�Ѿ�� ���ͷ�����繤ӡ����

����͵�ͷ��¤Ӥس�Ѿ���դ���������� ������դس���ѵ����ҧ adjective ��� ��

     wide             widen            �������ҧ ������������

     bright            brighten         ��������ҧʴ��

     sharp            sharpen         �����������

     fast               fasten            �����Դ��

����͵�ͷ��¤ӹ�� �դ����������

     strength         strengthen               ����������

     length           lengthen                  �������Ǣ��

Examples:

1.       Could you shorten the sleeves on this jacket?

2.       They�re widening the road here.

�Ѩ��� (suffix) �fy��� �ify���ͷ��¤ӹ����ФӤس�Ѿ�� ���ͷ�����繤ӡ���� �դ���������� ��������蹹�� ��

     beauty           beautify         ������Դ�������

     pure             purify            ��������ط���

     class             classify          ������繪�� (��ṡ���)

     solid             solidify           ������繢ͧ��

     clear             clarify            �����Ѵਹ     

Examples:

1.       The students asked the teacher to simplify the difficult questions.

2.       If we let the mixture cool, it will solidify.    

�Ѩ��� (suffix) �ize���ͷ��¤ӹ����ФӤس�Ѿ�� ���ͷ�����繤ӡ����

����͵�ͷ��¤ӹ�� �դ���������� ���������Ҿ����͹�ӹ����� ��

          vapor            vaporize         ��������͹��

          visual            visualize         ���������Ҿ

          harmony        harmonize      ���������׹

          hospital         hospitalize      ������ѡ����ç��Һ��

����͵�ͷ��¤Ӥس�Ѿ�� �դ���������� ������դس���ѵ����ҧ�� adjective ��� ��

          commercial              commercialize ������ա�ä�Ң��

          modern                   modernize               ������դ����ѹ����

Examples:

1.       The students were expected to familiarize themselves with the new rules.

2.       It is hard to visualize how the project will be like.

Exercise:

Use the verb form of these nouns and adjectives to complete the sentences. Add �en, -fy, -ify or �ize to the word to make a verb.

1.       The weather�s beginning to (bright) �������.. up.

2.       Before you start doing the project, (category) �������. the topics.

3.       The sleeves on this jacket are short. Have the tailor (length) ��������them.

4.       I didn�t understand this article, so I asked the teacher to (clear) �����..the main points.

5.       I need to (tight) �����.. this screw, but I don�t have a screwdriver.

 

Answer Key

Use the verb form of these nouns and adjectives to complete the sentences. Add �en, -fy, -ify or �ize to the word to make a verb.

1.       The weather�s beginning to (bright) brighten up.

2.       Before you start doing the project, (category) categorize the topics.

3.       The sleeves on this jacket are short. Have the tailor (length) lengthen them.

4.       I didn�t understand this article, so I asked the teacher to (clear) clarify the main points.

5.       I need to (tight) tighten this screw, but I don�t have a screwdriver.

 

Vocabulary

          flaw (n)                             ��˹� ��ͺ����ͧ

          glow (v)                            ���ͧ�ʧ

          merchandise (n)                  �Թ���

          minor (n)                           �������� (�ѧ������عԵ�����)

          one after another (exp)         ����

          pass away (v)                      ���

          periodically (adv)                 �繺ҧ���駺ҧ����

          stay up (v)                         ����֡

          take inventory (exp)             �¡��¡��

          wreck (v)                           �����

Exercise:

Choose the best word to complete the sentence. You may have to make some changes in the form of the word.

1.       I always ������� late with my mom and watch movies.

2.       After suffering from health problems for many years, Dana ��������� last night.

3.       Meetings are held ���������.. to review the teaching materials.

4.       In order to determine exactly how many books in the library, librarians need to ���������...

5.       The garden was �������.. in a tornado.

6.       What kind of ��������� does Central Department Store sell?

7.       �������.. are not allowed to purchase cigarettes in Thailand.

8.       The instruments ������� softly in the darkness.

9.       The only �������� in his character is short-tempered.

10.   The students came to the front of the classroom, ����������.., to tell their stories to the class.

 

Answer Key

Choose the best word to complete the sentence. You may have to make some changes in the form of the word.

1.       I always stay up late with my mom and watch movies.

2.       After suffering from health problems for many years, Dana passed away last night.

3.       Meetings are held periodically to review the teaching materials.

4.       In order to determine exactly how many books in the library, librarians need to take inventory.

5.       The garden was wrecked in a tornado.

6.       What kind of merchandise does Central Department Store sell?

7.       Minors are not allowed to purchase cigarettes in Thailand.

8.       The instruments glowed softly in the darkness.

9.       The only flaw in his character is short-tempered.

10.   The students came to the front of the classroom, one after another, to tell their stories to the class.